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- <text id=91TT1056>
- <title>
- May 13, 1991: Please Don't Quote Me
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- May 13, 1991 Crack Kids
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 82
- Please Don't Quote Me
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Michael Kinsley
- </p>
- <p> "An article devoid of [quotes], one that consists
- entirely of the author's own observations and conclusions, will
- generally leave readers dissatisfied and unpersuaded, as well
- as bored."
- </p>
- <p>-- Federal Appeals Judge Alex Kozinski (dissenting),
- Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc.
- </p>
- <p> During the last election a television journalist called up
- to say he wanted to interview me. Puzzled--this man knows far
- more than I about politics--but flattered, I said sure. He
- showed up at my office, set up his lights and camera, and
- asked, "Mike, would you say that..." Then he proceeded to
- enunciate some theory about the course of the campaign.
- </p>
- <p> Me (eager to please): Good point. You're absolutely right
- about that. I never thought of it before.
- </p>
- <p> Him (testy): No. Would you say it.
- </p>
- <p> Ah. He didn't want my wisdom. He wanted a sound bite. Or,
- in the outmoded argot of print, a quote. Under the conventions
- of American journalism, his insight was worthless to him until
- he could get someone else to utter it, thus conferring on his
- nugget some spurious authority and relieving himself of any
- taint of opinion or bias. I could just as easily quote him to
- the same purpose. Someday I will.
- </p>
- <p> In a way, American journalism has brought Masson v. New
- Yorker Magazine, Inc., on itself by worshiping at the shrine of
- the quote. The case is now before the Supreme Court. Most
- journalists would probably agree with Judge Kozinski of the
- lower court that an article without quotes just doesn't hack it.
- </p>
- <p> Jeffrey Masson, a psychiatrist, was the subject of a New
- Yorker profile by Janet Malcolm. Masson claims that Malcolm
- libeled him by putting in his mouth words he never said, such
- as "intellectual gigolo" to describe himself. Malcolm denies
- making up quotes but also claims a constitutional right to do
- so.
- </p>
- <p> Despite all the fuss, the issue doesn't seem very
- complicated. "X said Y" is a factual assertion. If X didn't say
- Y, it is a false assertion. But falsehood is just one part of
- a libel case. You have to prove the falsehood was defamatory.
- You have to prove you've been harmed. These constraints will
- take care of most of the nightmare scenarios journalists worry
- about, such as being sued for "cleaning up" quotes. Above all,
- if X is a public figure, you have to prove the misquote was
- committed with "reckless disregard for the truth." (The lawyers
- call this "actual malice"--the "actual" being a lawyer's way
- of indicating that it doesn't actually mean malice at all.)
- </p>
- <p> The Supreme Court has given limited constitutional
- protection to falsehoods in order to give the truth some
- breathing room--to protect honest mistakes. In a tort-crazed
- nation, this is a great luxury. In other countries journalists
- live in fear of lawsuits. In America all professionals except
- journalists live in fear of lawsuits. Journalists are rightly
- alarmed that the mere accusation of fake quotes could land a
- journalist in a costly lawsuit, and the Supreme Court should
- protect us against that. But if quotes are made up, this alone
- surely displays reckless disregard for the truth. The claim of
- Malcolm and her defenders that the Constitution should protect
- even purposely made-up quotes, as long as the author thinks they
- reflect the subject's views, is an embarrassment.
- </p>
- <p> How the New Yorker's reputation can survive this assertion
- of privilege is a puzzle. Nowhere in journalism is the quote
- more sanctified. A typical New Yorker profile is nothing but a
- string of lengthy quotations from the subject and his or her
- associates, with a connecting tissue of irrelevant scene-setting
- detail. Malcolm has admitted to fabricating some of this detail,
- such as moving the site of a conversation from her flat in New
- York City to a restaurant in California. The myth is that by
- relying so heavily on seemingly verbatim quotations, the
- journalist is functioning as a crystal-clear piece of glass
- through which the reader can see the subject whole and true. But
- if the quotes are the result of art and not tape recording, the
- whole genre needs rethinking.
- </p>
- <p> Newsmagazines also rely heavily on quotes, though their
- style emphasizes compression and bustle, in contrast to the New
- Yorker's leisurely pace. Each point the writer wishes to make
- comes with a quote to add color and authority. The color and the
- authority often take up more precious space than the point
- itself: "Iraq may not become a quagmire. `We'll feed the Kurds
- and then amscray,' says retired Lieut. Colonel William Finnegan,
- now a senior fellow at the Center for War, Pestilence, Famine
- and Death in Washington."
- </p>
- <p> Newspapers treasure quotes from "ordinary" people, for
- authenticity rather than authority. A poll, conducted at great
- expense with the best psephological technique, is thought to
- gain extra credibility if 1 out of 250 million citizens can be
- found to restate its findings in prose. "Seventy percent of
- Americans list inflation as one of their top five concerns.
- `These prices are just getting out of sight,' says Judy Draper,
- 38, a data processor and mother of three in Molina, Mo."
- </p>
- <p> At the opposite extreme, a foreign correspondent I used to
- edit would weave elaborate tales of international intrigue,
- ending each delirious paragraph with the vestigial incantation,
- "...according to sources." Even he felt that by merely
- declaring he had "sources"--never mind who or where--he was
- allaying suspicions that he might be making it all up.
- </p>
- <p> Maybe what American journalism needs is not just better
- quotes but fewer quotes. The Masson case is a reminder that the
- accuracy and wisdom of a piece of journalism inevitably depends
- on "the author's own observations and conclusions," as Judge
- Kozinski puts it. It is often more efficient, not to say more
- honest, to express these directly. Quotes can become a crutch.
- Or rather, "Quotes can become a crutch," says one observer of
- the journalistic scene.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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